Introduction

Water is an indispensable natural resource, fundamental to life, the environment, food production, hygiene and sanitation, industry and power generation.

In South Africa it is recognised as a crucial element in the battle against poverty, the cornerstone of prosperity, and a limiting factor to growth (Basson et al. 1997). South Africa is a semi-arid country, where water is scarce compared to most other countries. Wise utilisation of this resource in a sustainable manner is, therefore, essential for the future of the country. Already the freshwater resources of the country are under stress (Davies et al. 1993).

Natural resources of South Africa

For instance, most of the country's major rivers have been dammed to provide water for the increasing population; in some areas over 50 % of the wetlands have been converted for other land-use purposes; industrial and domestic effluents are polluting the ground- and surface waters, and changes in habitat have affected the biotic diversity of freshwater ecosystems.

Good management and sustainable utilisation depend on reliable information. This chapter provides a concise overview of the key issues pertaining to freshwater resources in South Africa.

>     Freshwater: Driving forces

There is also information about Freshwater Systems and Resources in the following reports:
Metropolitan reports:
	Cape Metropolitan Council (1998 edition)		Durban Pilot Study
	Greater Johannseburg Metropolitan Council (1999 edition)		Greater Pretoria Metropolitan Council (1999 edition)